oidc: one verifier per issuer, because IdPs mint one per application

Authentik derives the issuer from the application slug, so two applications mean
two issuers - and a token's `iss` must match whoever signed it. A single pinned
issuer could therefore only ever serve one of the two clients.

So there is a verifier per issuer, and each accepts only the client belonging to
it. That is tighter than the previous arrangement as well as more general: a
token minted for the phone cannot be replayed at the admin login, and vice
versa, because they arrive at different verifiers with different audiences.

ECHOLOT_OIDC_APP_ISSUER is optional - empty means both clients share
ECHOLOT_OIDC_ISSUER, which is what IdPs with one global issuer do.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

server/README.md

@@ -146,3 +146,41 @@ CI (`.gitea/workflows/build-server.yml`): tests on every push touching `server/`
 tagging `server-v1.2.3` builds + pushes the container image to the Gitea registry and
 attaches static linux amd64/arm64 binaries (+ SHA256SUMS) to a release — the same
 artifacts `--self-update` consumes.
+
+## TLS for the admin UI
+
+The binary terminates TLS itself; there is no reverse proxy in the design. It already serves TLS
+for the control plane, so this is reuse rather than new machinery, and it keeps the "one process,
+one config file" property. A proxy would also invite someone to eventually front the control plane
+too — which would break SPKI pinning, because clients pin *that* certificate's key.
+
+```
+ECHOLOT_ADMIN_LISTEN=[2001:db8::2]:443
+ECHOLOT_ADMIN_TLS_CERT=/etc/echolot/admin.pem
+ECHOLOT_ADMIN_TLS_KEY=/etc/echolot/admin.key
+ECHOLOT_ADMIN_BASE_URL=https://admin.example.net
+```
+
+Certificates come from any ACME client. **DNS-01 is the one to use here**: it needs no inbound
+port 80, which matters on a host where 80 is awkward or already spoken for.
+
+```sh
+acme.sh --issue --dns dns_cf -d admin.example.net \
+  --key-file       /etc/echolot/admin.key \
+  --fullchain-file /etc/echolot/admin.pem
+```
+
+**No reload hook is needed.** The certificate is re-read when the files change, so a renewal that
+drops new files in place is picked up on the next handshake. That is deliberate: a reload hook is
+the part of a renewal setup that quietly stops working, months later, and is noticed only once the
+certificate has already expired. A torn write — renewal tools write cert and key separately — keeps
+the previous certificate rather than failing the listener.
+
+Serving the admin UI in plaintext on a non-loopback address is refused: the session cookie is a
+bearer credential for everything the server can do, and the OIDC authorization code arrives in a
+URL. Bind to loopback and use an SSH tunnel (`ssh -L 8444:localhost:8444 host`), supply a
+certificate, or set `ECHOLOT_ADMIN_INSECURE=1` if you mean it.
+
+The control-plane certificate is deliberately *not* hot-reloaded. Clients pin its public key, so
+replacing it is a rotation an operator should have to think about, not something that happens
+because a file changed.

server/cmd/echolot-server/main.go

@@ -37,8 +37,10 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
+	"echo-lot.app/server/internal/acmehttp"
 	"echo-lot.app/server/internal/adminauth"
 	"echo-lot.app/server/internal/canarydns"
+	"echo-lot.app/server/internal/certreload"
 	"echo-lot.app/server/internal/compat"
 	"echo-lot.app/server/internal/config"
 	"echo-lot.app/server/internal/control"
@@ -182,22 +184,33 @@ func serve(cfg *config.Config) error {
 	// Identity is optional. Without an issuer the server simply has no sign-in, and
 	// uploads=account can never be satisfied — which is the honest outcome, not a silent
 	// downgrade to anonymous.
-	var idp *oidc.Verifier
-	if cfg.OIDCIssuer != "" && (cfg.OIDCClientID != "" || cfg.OIDCAppClientID != "") {
+	// One verifier per issuer. An IdP may mint a distinct issuer per application — Authentik
+	// derives it from the application slug — and a token's `iss` must match whoever signed it.
+	// Each verifier accepts only the client belonging to its own issuer, so a token minted for
+	// the phone cannot be replayed at the admin login and vice versa.
+	var idp, adminIdP *oidc.Verifier
+	appIssuer := cfg.OIDCAppIssuer
+	if appIssuer == "" {
+		appIssuer = cfg.OIDCIssuer // IdPs with one global issuer
+	}
+	if appIssuer != "" && cfg.OIDCAppClientID != "" {
 		idp = oidc.New(oidc.Config{
-			Issuer:      cfg.OIDCIssuer,
-			ClientID:    cfg.OIDCClientID,
-			AppClientID: cfg.OIDCAppClientID,
-			AdminGroup:  cfg.OIDCAdminGroup,
+			Issuer: appIssuer, AppClientID: cfg.OIDCAppClientID, AdminGroup: cfg.OIDCAdminGroup,
 		}, nil)
-		slog.Info("identity provider configured", "issuer", cfg.OIDCIssuer,
-			"admin_client_id", cfg.OIDCClientID, "app_client_id", cfg.OIDCAppClientID,
-			"admin_group", cfg.OIDCAdminGroup)
+		slog.Info("identity: app client", "issuer", appIssuer, "client_id", cfg.OIDCAppClientID)
+	}
+	if cfg.OIDCIssuer != "" && cfg.OIDCClientID != "" {
+		adminIdP = oidc.New(oidc.Config{
+			Issuer: cfg.OIDCIssuer, ClientID: cfg.OIDCClientID, AdminGroup: cfg.OIDCAdminGroup,
+		}, nil)
+		slog.Info("identity: admin client", "issuer", cfg.OIDCIssuer,
+			"client_id", cfg.OIDCClientID, "admin_group", cfg.OIDCAdminGroup)
 		if cfg.OIDCAdminGroup == "" {
 			slog.Warn("no admin group set: nobody will be an admin via OIDC " +
 				"(set ECHOLOT_OIDC_ADMIN_GROUP)")
 		}
-	} else if cfg.UploadsMode == string(runs.ModeAccount) {
+	}
+	if idp == nil && adminIdP == nil && cfg.UploadsMode == string(runs.ModeAccount) {
 		slog.Warn("uploads=account but no identity provider is configured — " +
 			"every upload will be refused")
 	}
@@ -214,6 +227,7 @@ func serve(cfg *config.Config) error {
 		AppRange:         appRange,
 		PublicControlURL: publicControlURL(cfg),
 		OIDC:             idp,
+		AdminOIDC:        adminIdP,
 	}
 	// Left nil when there is no raw socket, so the handler answers "not implemented" with a
 	// reason rather than failing somewhere deeper.
@@ -314,7 +328,47 @@ func serve(cfg *config.Config) error {
 		})
 	})
 	adminSrv := &http.Server{Addr: cfg.AdminListen, Handler: admin, ReadHeaderTimeout: 10 * time.Second}
+	if cfg.AdminTLSCert != "" {
+		// Terminated here rather than behind a reverse proxy: this binary already serves TLS for
+		// the control plane, so it is reuse rather than new machinery, and one process with one
+		// config file is the property that makes this pleasant to run. A proxy would also invite
+		// someone to later front the control plane too, which would break SPKI pinning.
+		reloader, err := certreload.New(cfg.AdminTLSCert, cfg.AdminTLSKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("admin TLS: %w", err)
+		}
+		adminSrv.TLSConfig = reloader.TLSConfig()
+		if exp := reloader.NotAfter(); !exp.IsZero() {
+			slog.Info("admin UI TLS", "listen", cfg.AdminListen, "cert_expires", exp.Format(time.RFC3339))
+			if time.Until(exp) < 14*24*time.Hour {
+				slog.Warn("admin certificate expires soon", "expires", exp.Format(time.RFC3339))
+			}
+		}
+		go func() { errCh <- fmt.Errorf("admin: %w", adminSrv.ListenAndServeTLS("", "")) }()
+	} else {
 		go func() { errCh <- fmt.Errorf("admin: %w", adminSrv.ListenAndServe()) }()
+	}
+
+	// ACME HTTP-01 responder. Permanent rather than started per renewal: nothing binds and
+	// unbinds, so a renewal cannot fail because the port was briefly busy, and the ACME client
+	// needs only write access to a directory instead of the privilege to bind a low port.
+	if cfg.ACMEHTTPListen != "" {
+		webroot := cfg.ACMEWebroot
+		if webroot == "" {
+			webroot = filepath.Join(cfg.StateDir, "acme")
+		}
+		if err := acmehttp.EnsureWebroot(webroot); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("acme webroot: %w", err)
+		}
+		acmeSrv := &http.Server{
+			Addr:              cfg.ACMEHTTPListen,
+			Handler:           acmehttp.Handler(webroot, cfg.AdminBaseURL),
+			ReadHeaderTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
+		}
+		slog.Info("acme http-01 responder", "listen", cfg.ACMEHTTPListen, "webroot", webroot,
+			"redirects_to", cfg.AdminBaseURL)
+		go func() { errCh <- fmt.Errorf("acme-http: %w", acmeSrv.ListenAndServe()) }()
+	}
 
 	// UDP data plane — one socket per configured address. Distinct sockets
 	// (not wildcard) also guarantee responses leave from the address the

server/internal/acmehttp/acmehttp.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Echolot contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+// Package acmehttp answers ACME HTTP-01 challenges and sends everything else to HTTPS.
+//
+// HTTP-01 validation always arrives on port 80 — the CA chooses the port, not the operator — so
+// it never collides with an admin UI on 443. That leaves two ways to answer it: let the ACME
+// client bind port 80 for a few seconds during each renewal, or keep something there permanently
+// that serves the challenge directory. This is the second, and it is the better trade:
+//
+//   - nothing binds and unbinds, so renewal cannot fail because the port was briefly busy;
+//   - the ACME client needs no privileges to bind a low port, only write access to a directory;
+//   - port 80 gets a use it would want anyway, redirecting people who typed http:// to the real
+//     thing instead of hanging.
+//
+// It is the same arrangement as the webroot plugins for Apache and nginx, and it works with any
+// ACME client that can write a file: `lego --http.webroot`, `certbot --webroot`, `acme.sh -w`.
+//
+// The ACME client stays an external program on purpose. lego is also a Go library, but importing
+// it would put a large dependency tree into a server that deliberately has none — and the CLI does
+// the same job from a timer.
+package acmehttp
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ChallengePath is the fixed prefix ACME uses. It is not configurable, by the specification.
+const ChallengePath = "/.well-known/acme-challenge/"
+
+// Handler serves challenge tokens from webroot and redirects everything else to redirectTo.
+//
+// webroot is the directory an ACME client writes into; the tokens themselves land in
+// <webroot>/.well-known/acme-challenge/<token>, which is exactly what --http.webroot expects.
+func Handler(webroot, redirectTo string) http.Handler {
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+
+	mux.HandleFunc(ChallengePath, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		token := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, ChallengePath)
+		// Tokens are base64url from the CA. Anything else is somebody probing, and refusing by
+		// shape means path traversal never gets as far as touching the filesystem.
+		if token == "" || !validToken(token) {
+			http.NotFound(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+		body, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(webroot, filepath.FromSlash(ChallengePath), token))
+		if err != nil {
+			// Logged at info: a challenge that cannot be answered is why a renewal failed, and
+			// that is worth being able to see afterwards rather than guessing at it.
+			slog.Info("acme challenge not found", "token", token, "webroot", webroot)
+			http.NotFound(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+		slog.Info("answered acme challenge", "token", token, "from", r.RemoteAddr)
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+		_, _ = w.Write(body)
+	})
+
+	mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if redirectTo == "" {
+			http.Error(w, "this port serves ACME challenges only", http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		// 308 rather than 302: the method must not change, and the redirect is permanent in the
+		// sense that matters — this port will never serve the application.
+		http.Redirect(w, r, strings.TrimRight(redirectTo, "/")+r.URL.RequestURI(), http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
+	})
+
+	return mux
+}
+
+// validToken accepts only the base64url alphabet the ACME spec uses for tokens.
+//
+// A shape check rather than a path check: "../../etc/shadow" fails here before any filesystem
+// call, which is a stronger guarantee than sanitising a path and hoping the sanitiser is right.
+func validToken(s string) bool {
+	if len(s) > 128 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, r := range s {
+		switch {
+		case r >= 'a' && r <= 'z', r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z', r >= '0' && r <= '9', r == '-', r == '_', r == '.':
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	// A bare "." or ".." never appears in a real token and is the one traversal the alphabet
+	// above would otherwise permit.
+	return s != "." && s != ".."
+}
+
+// EnsureWebroot creates the challenge directory, so an ACME client's first run does not fail on a
+// missing path and an operator does not have to know the layout.
+func EnsureWebroot(webroot string) error {
+	return os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(webroot, filepath.FromSlash(ChallengePath)), 0o755)
+}

server/internal/acmehttp/acmehttp_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Echolot contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+package acmehttp
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func serve(t *testing.T, redirectTo string) (http.Handler, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	if err := EnsureWebroot(root); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return Handler(root, redirectTo), root
+}
+
+func TestServesAChallengeTokenWrittenByAnAcmeClient(t *testing.T) {
+	h, root := serve(t, "https://admin.example.net")
+	// Exactly what `lego --http.webroot` writes.
+	token := "abc-123_XYZ"
+	want := "abc-123_XYZ.keyauthorization-part"
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(root, ".well-known", "acme-challenge", token), []byte(want), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	h.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest("GET", ChallengePath+token, nil))
+	if rec.Code != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("challenge not served: %d", rec.Code)
+	}
+	if rec.Body.String() != want {
+		t.Fatalf("body = %q, want %q", rec.Body.String(), want)
+	}
+}
+
+// The token comes from the network and is used to build a path. Rejecting by *shape* means
+// traversal never reaches the filesystem at all, which is a stronger guarantee than sanitising.
+func TestTraversalNeverTouchesTheFilesystem(t *testing.T) {
+	h, root := serve(t, "https://admin.example.net")
+	secret := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(root), "secret.txt")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(secret, []byte("do not serve me"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, bad := range []string{
+		"../secret.txt",
+		"..%2Fsecret.txt",
+		"../../etc/passwd",
+		"..",
+		".",
+		"a/b",
+		"tok%20en", // a space arrives percent-encoded; a literal one is not a valid request line
+	} {
+		rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		h.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest("GET", ChallengePath+bad, nil))
+		if rec.Code == 200 && rec.Body.String() == "do not serve me" {
+			t.Fatalf("served a file outside the challenge directory via %q", bad)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEverythingElseRedirectsToHTTPS(t *testing.T) {
+	h, _ := serve(t, "https://admin.example.net")
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	h.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/devices?page=2", nil))
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusPermanentRedirect {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %d, want 308", rec.Code)
+	}
+	// The path and query must survive, or a bookmarked link lands on the wrong page.
+	if got := rec.Header().Get("Location"); got != "https://admin.example.net/devices?page=2" {
+		t.Fatalf("Location = %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// With no admin URL configured there is nowhere to send people, and inventing one would be worse
+// than saying so.
+func TestNoRedirectTargetIsHonest(t *testing.T) {
+	h, _ := serve(t, "")
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	h.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil))
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %d, want 404", rec.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMissingTokenIsNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	h, _ := serve(t, "https://admin.example.net")
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	h.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest("GET", ChallengePath+"never-written", nil))
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusNotFound {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %d, want 404", rec.Code)
+	}
+}

server/internal/certreload/certreload.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Echolot contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+// Package certreload serves a TLS certificate that can be replaced on disk without a restart.
+//
+// The hard part of TLS is never termination — the stdlib does that — it is renewal. A certificate
+// obtained from an ACME client expires every sixty days, and the usual arrangement is a renewal
+// hook that reloads or restarts the service. That hook is the part that quietly fails: it works
+// when it is written and then, months later, does not, and nobody notices until the certificate
+// has already expired.
+//
+// So the certificate is re-read when the file changes. There is no hook to forget, no reload to
+// coordinate, and a renewal that drops new files in place is picked up on the next handshake.
+//
+// Deliberately not used for the control plane. Clients pin that certificate's public key
+// (probe-protocol.md §1), so swapping it at runtime would silently break every enrolled device —
+// there the operator *should* have to think, and a restart is the least of what a key rotation
+// costs. Two listeners, two different right answers.
+package certreload
+
+import (
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Reloader holds a certificate and refreshes it when the files on disk change.
+type Reloader struct {
+	certPath, keyPath string
+
+	mu       sync.RWMutex
+	cert     *tls.Certificate
+	certMod  time.Time
+	keyMod   time.Time
+	checked  time.Time
+	interval time.Duration
+}
+
+// New loads the pair once so a bad path fails at startup rather than at the first handshake,
+// when the only symptom is a connection error at the far end.
+func New(certPath, keyPath string) (*Reloader, error) {
+	r := &Reloader{certPath: certPath, keyPath: keyPath, interval: 30 * time.Second}
+	if err := r.load(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// TLSConfig returns a config that asks this reloader for the certificate on every handshake.
+func (r *Reloader) TLSConfig() *tls.Config {
+	return &tls.Config{
+		MinVersion:     tls.VersionTLS12,
+		GetCertificate: r.getCertificate,
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *Reloader) getCertificate(*tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Certificate, error) {
+	r.maybeReload()
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	if r.cert == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no certificate loaded")
+	}
+	return r.cert, nil
+}
+
+// maybeReload stats the files at most once per interval.
+//
+// Rate-limited because this runs on every handshake: a busy listener would otherwise stat twice
+// per connection, and a certificate that is thirty seconds stale has never mattered to anyone.
+func (r *Reloader) maybeReload() {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	fresh := time.Since(r.checked) < r.interval
+	r.mu.RUnlock()
+	if fresh {
+		return
+	}
+
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	r.checked = time.Now()
+	certMod, keyMod := modTime(r.certPath), modTime(r.keyPath)
+	unchanged := certMod.Equal(r.certMod) && keyMod.Equal(r.keyMod)
+	r.mu.Unlock()
+	if unchanged {
+		return
+	}
+	// A failed reload keeps the certificate already in memory. Renewal tools write the two files
+	// separately, so there is a window where the pair does not match; serving the previous
+	// certificate through that window is strictly better than serving none.
+	_ = r.load()
+}
+
+func (r *Reloader) load() error {
+	cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(r.certPath, r.keyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("loading %s / %s: %w", r.certPath, r.keyPath, err)
+	}
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+	r.cert = &cert
+	r.certMod, r.keyMod = modTime(r.certPath), modTime(r.keyPath)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NotAfter is when the loaded certificate expires, for the admin UI to show and for a startup
+// warning. An expiry an operator can see is one they can act on before a browser tells them.
+func (r *Reloader) NotAfter() time.Time {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	if r.cert == nil || r.cert.Leaf == nil {
+		return time.Time{}
+	}
+	return r.cert.Leaf.NotAfter
+}
+
+func modTime(path string) time.Time {
+	fi, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}
+	}
+	return fi.ModTime()
+}

server/internal/certreload/certreload_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Echolot contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+package certreload
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func writePair(t *testing.T, dir, cn string) (string, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	key, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tmpl := x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(time.Now().UnixNano()),
+		Subject:      pkix.Name{CommonName: cn},
+		NotBefore:    time.Now().Add(-time.Hour),
+		NotAfter:     time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour),
+	}
+	der, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, &tmpl, &tmpl, &key.PublicKey, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	certPath := filepath.Join(dir, "cert.pem")
+	keyPath := filepath.Join(dir, "key.pem")
+	cb := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: der})
+	kb, _ := x509.MarshalECPrivateKey(key)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(certPath, cb, 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(keyPath, pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: "EC PRIVATE KEY", Bytes: kb}), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return certPath, keyPath
+}
+
+func TestBadPathsFailAtStartupNotAtHandshake(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := New("/nonexistent/cert.pem", "/nonexistent/key.pem"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("a missing certificate was accepted; the failure would surface as an " +
+			"unexplained connection error at the client instead")
+	}
+}
+
+// The whole point: a renewal that drops new files in place is picked up without a restart and
+// without a reload hook that can silently stop working.
+func TestANewCertificateOnDiskIsPickedUp(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	certPath, keyPath := writePair(t, dir, "first")
+	r, err := New(certPath, keyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	r.interval = 0 // check on every handshake, rather than waiting out the rate limit
+
+	got, err := r.getCertificate(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	first := got.Leaf
+
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond) // ensure a distinct mtime
+	writePair(t, dir, "second")
+
+	got, err = r.getCertificate(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if got.Leaf != nil && first != nil && got.Leaf.SerialNumber.Cmp(first.SerialNumber) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("the replaced certificate was not picked up")
+	}
+}
+
+// Renewal tools write the certificate and the key separately, so there is a window where the two
+// do not match. Serving the previous certificate through it beats serving none.
+func TestAHalfWrittenPairKeepsTheOldCertificate(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	certPath, keyPath := writePair(t, dir, "good")
+	r, err := New(certPath, keyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	r.interval = 0
+
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(certPath, []byte("-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\ntruncated\n"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	got, err := r.getCertificate(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("a torn write took the listener down: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got == nil {
+		t.Fatal("no certificate served during a torn write")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExpiryIsVisible(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	certPath, keyPath := writePair(t, dir, "x")
+	r, err := New(certPath, keyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if got := r.NotAfter(); got.IsZero() || time.Until(got) > 48*time.Hour {
+		t.Fatalf("expiry not reported sensibly: %v", got)
+	}
+}

server/internal/config/config.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -73,15 +74,58 @@ type Config struct {
 	OIDCIssuer      string // ECHOLOT_OIDC_ISSUER / --oidc-issuer
 	OIDCClientID    string // ECHOLOT_OIDC_CLIENT_ID / --oidc-client-id (confidential, admin UI)
 	OIDCAppClientID string // ECHOLOT_OIDC_APP_CLIENT_ID / --oidc-app-client-id (public, the phone app)
+	// Issuer for the app's client, when the IdP gives each application its own.
+	//
+	// Authentik derives the issuer from the application slug, so two applications mean two
+	// issuers — and a token's `iss` must match the one that minted it. Empty means both clients
+	// share ECHOLOT_OIDC_ISSUER, which is what IdPs with a single global issuer do.
+	OIDCAppIssuer  string // ECHOLOT_OIDC_APP_ISSUER / --oidc-app-issuer
 	OIDCAdminGroup string // ECHOLOT_OIDC_ADMIN_GROUP / --oidc-admin-group
 
 	// Break-glass admin username; the password lives hashed in the state store.
 	AdminUser string // ECHOLOT_ADMIN_USER / --admin-user
 
+	// Secret for the *confidential* admin client. Prefer ECHOLOT_OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET_FILE: a path
+	// keeps the secret out of the environment, where it is readable by anything that can see
+	// /proc/<pid>/environ and lands in every dump of the unit's configuration.
+	OIDCClientSecret string // ECHOLOT_OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET / _FILE
+
+	// Where the admin UI is reachable, used to build the OIDC redirect URI. Must match what is
+	// registered at the IdP exactly.
+	AdminBaseURL string // ECHOLOT_ADMIN_BASE_URL / --admin-base-url
+	// TLS for the admin listener. Without these it serves plaintext, which is only acceptable on
+	// loopback — see checkAdminExposure.
+	AdminTLSCert string // ECHOLOT_ADMIN_TLS_CERT / --admin-tls-cert
+	AdminTLSKey  string // ECHOLOT_ADMIN_TLS_KEY / --admin-tls-key
+	// Deliberate override for serving the admin UI in plaintext off loopback, so that decision
+	// is made rather than stumbled into.
+	AdminInsecure bool // ECHOLOT_ADMIN_INSECURE / --admin-insecure
+
+	// Port-80 listener that answers ACME HTTP-01 challenges and redirects everything else to
+	// the admin UI. Empty disables it. HTTP-01 always arrives on port 80 — the CA picks the
+	// port — so this never collides with the admin UI on 443.
+	ACMEHTTPListen string // ECHOLOT_ACME_HTTP_LISTEN / --acme-http-listen
+	// Directory an ACME client writes challenge tokens into. Defaults to <state-dir>/acme.
+	ACMEWebroot string // ECHOLOT_ACME_WEBROOT / --acme-webroot
+
 	// Mode
 	Docker bool // --docker (or autodetected; env ECHOLOT_DOCKER=1 forces)
 }
 
+// secretOr reads ECHOLOT_<key>, or the contents of the file named by ECHOLOT_<key>_FILE.
+//
+// The file form exists because a secret in the environment is readable by anything that can see
+// /proc/<pid>/environ and lands in every dump of the unit's configuration. A path costs nothing
+// and keeps the value in one file whose permissions an operator can reason about.
+func secretOr(key, def string) string {
+	if path := envOr(key+"_FILE", ""); path != "" {
+		if b, err := os.ReadFile(path); err == nil {
+			return strings.TrimSpace(string(b))
+		}
+	}
+	return envOr(key, def)
+}
+
 // envInt reads ECHOLOT_<key> as an integer with a fallback.
 func envInt(key string, def int) int {
 	if v := envOr(key, ""); v != "" {
@@ -129,7 +173,15 @@ func Load(args []string) (*Config, *Actions, error) {
 	fs.StringVar(&c.OIDCIssuer, "oidc-issuer", envOr("OIDC_ISSUER", ""), "OpenID Connect issuer URL; empty disables sign-in")
 	fs.StringVar(&c.OIDCClientID, "oidc-client-id", envOr("OIDC_CLIENT_ID", ""), "confidential OIDC client id for the admin UI")
 	fs.StringVar(&c.OIDCAppClientID, "oidc-app-client-id", envOr("OIDC_APP_CLIENT_ID", ""), "public OIDC client id used by the Android app (PKCE)")
+	fs.StringVar(&c.OIDCAppIssuer, "oidc-app-issuer", envOr("OIDC_APP_ISSUER", ""), "issuer for the app client when the IdP uses per-application issuers; empty = same as --oidc-issuer")
 	fs.StringVar(&c.OIDCAdminGroup, "oidc-admin-group", envOr("OIDC_ADMIN_GROUP", ""), "group claim required for admin access; empty means nobody is an admin via OIDC")
+	fs.StringVar(&c.OIDCClientSecret, "oidc-client-secret", secretOr("OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET", ""), "secret for the confidential admin client; prefer ECHOLOT_OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET_FILE")
+	fs.StringVar(&c.AdminBaseURL, "admin-base-url", envOr("ADMIN_BASE_URL", ""), "public URL of the admin UI, for the OIDC redirect (e.g. https://admin.example.net)")
+	fs.StringVar(&c.AdminTLSCert, "admin-tls-cert", envOr("ADMIN_TLS_CERT", ""), "TLS certificate for the admin listener")
+	fs.StringVar(&c.AdminTLSKey, "admin-tls-key", envOr("ADMIN_TLS_KEY", ""), "TLS key for the admin listener")
+	fs.BoolVar(&c.AdminInsecure, "admin-insecure", envOr("ADMIN_INSECURE", "") == "1", "allow the admin UI in plaintext off loopback (you are on your own)")
+	fs.StringVar(&c.ACMEHTTPListen, "acme-http-listen", envOr("ACME_HTTP_LISTEN", ""), "port-80 listener for ACME HTTP-01 challenges and http->https redirects")
+	fs.StringVar(&c.ACMEWebroot, "acme-webroot", envOr("ACME_WEBROOT", ""), "directory an ACME client writes challenges into (default <state-dir>/acme)")
 	fs.StringVar(&c.PublicControlURL, "public-url", envOr("PUBLIC_URL", ""), "public control-plane URL for enrollment links, e.g. https://probe.example.net:8443")
 	fs.StringVar(&c.MinAppVersion, "min-app-version", envOr("MIN_APP_VERSION", "0.2.0"), "oldest app version this server will serve (SemVer, inclusive)")
 	fs.StringVar(&c.MaxAppVersion, "max-app-version", envOr("MAX_APP_VERSION", "1.0.0"), "first app version this server will refuse (SemVer, exclusive); empty = unbounded")
@@ -160,6 +212,11 @@ func Load(args []string) (*Config, *Actions, error) {
 		!a.SetAdminPassword && !a.Version {
 		a.Help = true
 	}
+	if a.Serve {
+		if err := c.checkAdminExposure(); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
 	if c.Docker && (a.InstallSystemd || a.UninstallSystemd || a.SelfUpdate) {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("systemd/self-update actions are native-mode only (container detected; override with ECHOLOT_DOCKER=0 if this is wrong)")
 	}
@@ -188,6 +245,37 @@ should be something you asked for.
 `)
 }
 
+// checkAdminExposure refuses to serve an unencrypted admin UI on a non-loopback address.
+//
+// The admin session cookie is a bearer credential for everything this server can do, and the OIDC
+// authorization code arrives in a URL. In plaintext, both are readable by anyone on the path — and
+// on a globally routable address "the path" means the internet. This is a hard stop rather than a
+// warning because a warning in a log is not read by the person who most needs it, and because the
+// two safe answers are cheap: bind to loopback and tunnel, or supply a certificate.
+func (c *Config) checkAdminExposure() error {
+	if c.AdminTLSCert != "" || c.AdminInsecure {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, addr := range Addrs(c.AdminListen) {
+		host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		ip := net.ParseIP(strings.Trim(host, "[]"))
+		if host == "" || ip == nil || ip.IsLoopback() {
+			continue // loopback, or a name we cannot judge; RFC 8252 blesses loopback plaintext
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"refusing to serve the admin UI in plaintext on %s: the session cookie and the OIDC "+
+				"authorization code would cross the network in the clear.\n"+
+				"  Fix it one of three ways:\n"+
+				"    - bind to 127.0.0.1 and reach it over an SSH tunnel (no certificate needed)\n"+
+				"    - set ECHOLOT_ADMIN_TLS_CERT and ECHOLOT_ADMIN_TLS_KEY\n"+
+				"    - set ECHOLOT_ADMIN_INSECURE=1 if you genuinely mean it", addr)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Addrs splits a comma-separated listen spec into individual addresses.
 // Explicit per-address binds matter on multi-IP hosts: a wildcard bind
 // (":8443") would also claim addresses reserved for other purposes (e.g. an

server/internal/control/control.go

@@ -59,8 +59,12 @@ type Server struct {
 	// Granted server->client sends (spec §5). Both consume an asymmetric grant.
 	DownTrain func(sess *session.Session, g *session.Grant, count, sizeBytes, intervalUs int) (int, error)
 	BigSend   func(sess *session.Session, g *session.Grant, sizes []int, df bool) ([]dataplane.BigSendResult, error)
-	// OIDC verifies ID tokens when the operator has configured an issuer (may be nil).
+	// OIDC verifies ID tokens presented by the *app* (may be nil).
 	OIDC *oidc.Verifier
+	// AdminOIDC verifies tokens from the admin UI's own client. Separate because an IdP may
+	// give each application its own issuer — Authentik derives it from the application slug —
+	// and a verifier pins exactly one issuer and the clients belonging to it.
+	AdminOIDC *oidc.Verifier
 	// Runs stores uploaded measurement documents (may be nil: uploads unsupported).
 	Runs *runs.Store
 	// FragSend emits one datagram as hand-built IP fragments in a chosen order (may be nil: